Passive Voice

Kalimat aktif merupakan kalimat yang subjek kalimatnya adalah pelaku sebuah tindakan, sedangkan kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya bukan pelaku suatu tindakan. Si subjek adalah si penerima akibat dari sebuah tindakan.

Bandingkan kalimat-kalimat berikut:

Aktif : Susi mengetik surat ini kemarin

Pasif : Surat ini diketik oleh Susi kemarin

Aktif : Kucingku membunuh seekor tikus

Pasif : Seekor tikus dibunuh oleh kucingku

Catatan:

1. Gunakan bentuk pasif jika pelaku tindakan tidak begitu penting.

Contoh:

1. • Menara ini dibangun tahun 1955

1. Kalau kita perlu menyebut siapa pelaku suatu tindakan, gunakan kata oleh (by)

Contoh:

1. • Menara ini telah dibangun oleh Pemerintah Daerah pada tahun 1955

Rumus umum untuk membentuk suatu kalimat Pasif

Aktif : S + Verb (Kata Kerja) + Objek + dll

Pasif : Objek + to be + Verb 3 (Kata Kerja Bentuk III) ( + by subjek) + dll

To be yang digunakan

1. Present : is, am, are
2. Past : was, were
3. Perfect : been (di depan have, has, atau had)
4. Future : be (setelah modals)
5. Continuous : being (di depan salah satu dari 7 to be di atas)

Hal-hal yang perlu diketahui dan diingat

1. Untuk menyatakan suatu kalimat dalam bentuk pasif, tenses tidak berubah. Tenses harus sama dengan kalau kita menyatakannya dalam bentuk aktif. Yang berubah hanya kata kerja-nya.
2. Kata kerja yang tidak memiliki objek (Kata Kerja Intransitif) tidak dapat diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, seperti, menangis, mendidih, terbit, dll.

Contoh-contoh kalimat aktif dan pasif

1. Jack sings a song (active)
2. A song is sung by Jack (Passive)

1. Jack sang a song yesterday (active)
2. A song was sung by Jack yesterday (passive)

1. Jack has sung a song (active)
2. A song has been sung by Jack (passive)

1. Jack will sing a song (active)
2. A song will be sung by Jack (passive)

1. Jack is singing a song (active)
2. A song is being sung by Jack (passive)

1. Jack can sing a song (active)
2. A song can be sung by Jack (passive)

Beberapa Bentuk Kalimat Passive

1) Passive Imperative Sentence

Rumus:

Let + objek + be + Kata Kerja Bentuk III

• Help the poor (active)
• Let the poor be helped (passive)

2) Passive Infinitive: It is/was time

Rumus:

It is/was time for + objek + to be + kata kerja III

• It is time to send the letter (active)
• It is time for the letter to be sent (passive)

3) Negative Passive Imperative Sentence

Rumus:

Subjek + be + Kata kerja III + not to + infinitive

(kata kerja III yang sering digunakan adalah: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested)

• Don’t wait for me (active)
• You are advised not to wait for me (passive)

4) Passive Sentence with Verbs of Perception

Rumus:

Subjek + be + adjectives + when + subjek + be + kata kerja III

(kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: taste, smell, feel)

• This food tastes delicious (active)
• This food is delicious when it is tasted (passive)

5) Passive Sentence with Certain Verbs followed by “that-clause”

Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: accept, admit, agree, assume, believe, decide, expect, find out, intend, plan, point out, presume, prove, regret, report, say, think, understand.

• We regretted that the principal had to resign from office (active)
• It was regretted that the principal had to resign from office (passive)

6) Passive Sentence with Nouns or Adjectives as Complements

• I consider her very pretty (active)
• She is considered very pretty (passive)

7) Passive Sentence with two objects

• He gave me a book (active)
• A book was given to me by him (passive 1)
• I was given a book by him (passive 2)

 Passive Sentence with Gerund Verbs

• The teacher enjoyed teaching the students (active)
• The students enjoyed being taught by the teacher (passive)

9) Agent consisting long expression at the end of sentence

Dalam kalimat pasif, jika pelaku terdiri dari ekspresi yang panjang, sebaiknya subjek tersebut ditempatkan di akhir kalimat setelah by.

• We were all surprised by her sudden announcement to get married
• I was confused by his plan to stop the ongoing project and begin a new one.

10) Passive Sentence with unique verbs

Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: require, deserve, need

• This wall needs to be painted (sama dengan)
• This wall needs painting.

sumber : http://ismailworld.wordpress.com/2008/04/09/passive-voice/

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Conditional Sentence

 Conditional sentence
referred to as sentence modality, because of the meaning contained in the sentence is contrary to the true meaning. In English there are three types of conditional sentences, which each have their own usefulness. In a sentence modality, there are two clause, namely:
1. supposition clause, often referred to as the “if clause”
2. expectations of the clause, which in this case as the “main clause”

type1.
Used to express the things that diaharapkan would happen, for describing the things that will happen. Thus, this sentence describes a certain thing will happen, if at certain things are met.
If + subject + V1 + object: subject + will + V1
contoh:
menggunakan kata kerja : - if he gives me an/the invitation, I will come to the party.
                                        -I believe that he will be angry with me if I come late.
tidak menggunakan kata kerja: -You will pass your test if you study hard.
                                               -If he has many problems, I will help him.

Type 2
used to express things that are actually contrary to the situation now, not to predict things that will happen.
If + subject + V2 + object: subject + would + V1 + object
contoh:
1.      if I were a teacher, I would teach them. (seandainya saya seorang guru, saya akan mengajarkan mereka)
2.       what would you do if you were her brother? ( apa yang akan kamu lakukan, seandainya kamu kakaknya?)
3.       If he gave the letter, I could read it. (seandainya ia memberikan surat itu, saya dapat membacanya).
4.       If he were In the room, he could see the picture. (seandainya ia di ruangan itu, ia dapat melihat gambar itu).

Type 3
used to express the things that had already happened, the impossible will happen again.
If + subject + had + V3 + object: I + would have + V3 + object
cth:
1.       if he had invited me, I could have come to the party. (seandainya ia telah mengundang saya, maka saya datang ke pesta itu)>
2.       if she had known the news, I believe that she would have gone. ( seandainya ia telah mengetahui berita itu, saya yakin bahwa ia sudah pergi).
3.       If he had been there, I could have told him the matter. (seandainya ia telah ada di sana, sebenarnya saya sudah dapat mengatakan hal itu kepadanya).

4. If we had known that yaur were there, we would have written yaou letter.

Penggunaan :
 Tipe I : menggambarkan tentang mengandai-andai sesuai dengan fakta. 
 Tipe II :menggambarkan tentang pengandaian yang tidak nyata atau berimajinasi. 
 Tipe III : digunakan sebagai penyesalan yang terjadi di masa lampau

sumber : http://maulanajayadi24hikaru.blogspot.com/2011/11/conditional-sentence.html

Masalah Ekonomi Bangunan

Faktor Penyebab Pengangguran di Indonesia

Mendapat predikat lulusan terbaik dari suatu universitas bukan menjadi jaminan untuk bisa langsung bekerja. Indeks prestasi (IP) tinggi di atas 3,5 pun bukan jaminan bagi para sarjana segera mendapatkan pekerjaan. Mereka harus keluar masuk kantor mengantarkan lamaran dengan harapan ada lowongan pekerjaan untuk mereka. Malah, dengan alasan mencari pengalaman dulu, para sarjana itu rela bekerja apa saja meski bergaji kecil dan tidak sesuai dengan ilmu yang dipelajari. Dan yang jelas, mereka tidak ingin mendapat gelar baru, yakni ”sarjana pengangguran.” itulah sepatah laporan yang dipaparkan oleh sinar harapan.

sebenarnya apasih penyebab yang menimbulkan seseorang yang punya intelegensi tinggi juga tidak punya kesempatan untuk bekerja??? ada beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan seseorang tidak mendapat pekerjaan.

1. Kurangnya informasi
2. Tidak adanya sistem penerimaan publik
3. Sulit menerapkan kepintarannya dalam dunia pekerjaan
4. Malas
5. Cacat atau Umur
6. Rendahnya Pendidikan dan Keterampilan yang Dimiliki

Hal inilah yang paling besar pengaruhnya dalam dunia kerja sekarang ini, kurangnya informasi dapat menjadi faktor yang paling berpengaruh, hal ini diakibatkan keadaan lingkungan tempat tinggal yang tidak memungkinkan untuk terus meng update informasi tentang lowongan pekerjaan.

Selain itu faktor penerimaan yang bisa disebut "diam-diam" juga sangat berpengaruh, dimana sekarang banyak perusahaan yang mengutamakan standar Univesiti daripada standar keahlian masing-masing pelamar kerja.

Ada juga pengaruh sulitnya membedakan antara kuliah dengan kerja, ini disebakan pengalaman seorang tenaga kerja yang masih belum terasah, maka diperlukan sistem perkuliahan yang bisa mendukung keahlian seseorang dan dapat langsung diterapkan didunia kerja, tapi lagi-lagi pengaruh nama universitas besar tetap tidak dapat di kesampingkan.

Sumber : 
-  http://bangaisabe.blogspot.com/2008/11/pengangguran-di-indonesia-semakin.html
- http://www.anneahira.com/faktor-penyebab-pengangguran.htm

Adverbial Clause

Adverbial clause is a clause (the clause) that functions as an adverb, which describes a verb.
Adverbial clause is usually classified based on the "meaning / intent" of the conjunction (conjunctions which preceded it).

The types of adverbial clause include:

A. Clause of Time
Clause which shows the time. Usually made by using the conjunction (connecting word) such as after, before, no Sooner, while, as, etc..
Example:
• Shut the door before you go out.
• You may begin when (ever) you are ready.
• While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
• By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
• No Sooner than he had Entered she gave an order.

2. Clause of Place
Clause that indicates the place. Usually made by using the conjunction as where, nowhere, anywhere, Wherever, etc..
Example:
• They sat down Wherever They Could find empty seats
• The guard Stood where he was positioned.
• Where there is a will, there is a way.
• Where there is poverty, there we find Discontent and Unrest.
• Go where you like.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
Clause that indicates the existence of a conflict between two events or events that are related. Usually made by using the conjunction (connecting word) such as although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, etc..
Example:
• As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
• Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
• Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
• He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.

4. Clause of Manner
Clause which shows how the cars work is done or event occurs. Usually made by using the conjunction (connecting word) such as, how, like, in that, etc..
Example:
• He did as I told him.
• You may finish it how you like.
• They may beat us again, like They did in 1978.

5. Clause of Purpose and Result
Clause which shows the relationship intentions / objectives and outcomes. Usually made by using conjunctions such as (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, etc..
Example:
• They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• She bought a book so (that) Could she learn English
• He is saving his money so That he may take a long vacation.
• I am working night and day in the hope that i can finish this book soon.

6. Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause indicating cause and effect relationships. There are some patterns to form this type of clause. Take a good look.
Example:
• Ryan ran so fast That he broke the previous speed record.
• It was so cold yesterday that i did not want to swim.
• The soup tastes so good That everyone will ask for more.
• The student had behaved so badly That he was dismissed from the class.
Example:
• The Smiths had so many children That They formed Their Own baseball team.
• I had so few job offers That It was not difficult, to select one.
Example:
• He has invested so much money in the project That he can not abandon it now.
• The grass received so little water That it turned brown in the heat.
Example:
• It was a hot day Such That We Decided to stay indoors. OR It was so hot a day That We Decided to stay indoors.
• It was an interesting book Such That he could not put it down. OR It was so interesting a book That he could not put it down.
Example:
• She has Such exceptional Abilities That everyone is jealous of her.
• They are Such beautiful pictures That everybody will want one.
• Such Perry has had bad luck That he's Decided not to gamble.
• This is difficult, homework Such That I will never finish it.

________________________________________
In addition, to reveal the cause and effect relationships (cause and effect) can be used another pattern, namely:

A. Using preposition (preposition) like Because of, due to, due to the fact that, etc..
Example:
• Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (= We stayed home Because of the cold weather)
• Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (= We stayed home due to the cold weather)
• Due to the fact That the weather was cold, we stayed home. (= We stayed home due to the fact That the weather was cold)

2. Using conjunctions (conjunction) as Because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as
Example:
• Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
• Since he's not interested in classical music, he Decided not to go to the concert.
• As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
• Inasmuch as the two government leaders reach an agreement Could not, the possibilities for peace are still remote.

3. Use transition words such as therefore, consequently.
Example:
• Alex failed the test Because he did not study.
• Alex did not study. Therefore, he failed the test.
• Alex did not study. Consequently, he failed the test.
________________________________________
Note:
________________________________________

Some of the adverb clause can be changed to Modifying Phrases by:

1) Eliminate the subject of the dependent clause and the verb (be).
Example:
a. Adverb clause: While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
b. Modifying Phrase: While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

2) If the adverb clause does not exist yet, eliminate the subject and change the verb in the adverb clause is a form-ing.
Example:
a. Adverb clause: Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.
b. Modifying Phrase: Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.

Adverb clause can be transformed into Modifying Phrase if the subject of the adverb clause and the subject of playing the same clause.
Example:
A. Can be converted
• While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep While sitting in class BE, I fell asleep.
• While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep While sitting in class BE, Ann fell asleep.
• Since Mary Came to this country, she has made many friends BEING Since coming to this country, Mary has made many friends.
2. Can not be changed
• While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.
• While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.

7. Clause of Condition
Clause that indicates the existence of requirements between the two events (events) are related. Usually made by using conjunctions such as if, even if, unless, in the event that, or in the event that, in case, Provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing ( that), etc..
Example:
• If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
• She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
• suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover Such a loss.
• In case a robbery Occurs in the hotel, the management must be Notified at once.
• The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.
• We should be Able to do the job for you Quickly, Provided (that) you give us all the Necessary information.

 Sumber : http://fhacassieopeia-changminizer.blogspot.com/2011/02/adverbial-clause.html

Adverb Clause

Pengertian, Jenis dan Contoh Adverbial Clause

A. Pengertian Adverb Clause

Adverb Clause terdiri dari dua kata yaitu “Adverb” and “Clause”
adverb adalah : kata keterangan yang menerangkan verb (kata kerja) dan adjective (kata sifat),
clause adalah : anak kalimat.

Jadi adverb clause adalah anak kalimat yang menerangkan kata sifat dan kata kerja dan berfungsi sebagai adverb.
Adverb clause adalah terdiri dari delapan macam: seperti: Adverb clause of time, Adverb clause of place, Adverb clause of number, Adverb clause of menner, adverb clause of reanson, adverb clause of result, adverb clause of condition, dan adverb clause of contrast.

B. Rumus umum dan contoh adverb clause.

Subject + predicet + conj + subject + predicet.

Tapi bisa saja conjuntion di awal sesuai dengan kalimatnya.
Contoh:
- I met her when + was walking to school.
- As he was sick, he went to she doctor.
- I can’t go out because my mother is sick.


C. Jenis-Jenis Adverb Clause

1. Adverb Clause of Reanson
Adalah : sebuah anak kalimat yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan sebab atau alasan. Adverb clause of reason di awali dengan konjungsi (penghubungnya) adalah : as/ since/ because/ whereas/ on the ground that.

Example:
- Is I love you, I can do anything for you.
- Since she has a desire to marry, she discontinued her studing.
- I stopped the work because I was tired.
- Whereas I came late, My father punishet me.
- His teacher punishet him on the grand that, he came late.


2. Adverb Clause of Result
Adalah : sebuah anak kalimat yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan hasil perbuatan atau akibat. Adverb clause of result di awali dengan konjungsi so that, so + adjective + that, so + adverb + that, so.

Example:
- Nadhavi was so beautiful that I loved her at first sight.
- He studies so hard that many studienst like him.


3. Adverb Clause of Condition
Adalah : sebuah anak kalimat yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan kondisi. Adverb clause of condition di awali dengan konjungsi if/ unless/ whether/ provided that and so long as.

Example:
- If you help me, I shall be happy.
- Unless you tell her about your love, she won’t know it
- You must do this wheter, you like it or not
- I ean help you provide that you must follow my advice
- So long as you work hard, you have no problem with me

4. Adverb Clause of Contrast

Adverb Clause of Contrast adalah sebuah anak kalimat yang menerangkan bertentangan. Adverb Clause of Contrast diawali dengan konjungsi: although, eventh ough, though, whet eyer, no matter, however much, not with standing that.

Example:
a. I still no money although I worked hard
b. Eventhough hehates me, he lend me the bock
c. Though he is rice, he never give me the money
d. Whatever he has done, he is your father
e. No mather what she sald, I still love her
f. She will never succed however much he may try
g. He was not refreshed not with standing that he had spent 2 weeks leave

sumber : http://hamikofebria.blogspot.com/2010/11/adverb-clause.html

pengantar ekonomi pembangunan

KONSEP EKONOMI PEMBANGUNAN

EKONOMI PEMBANGUNAN

Suatu cabang ilmu ekonomi yang menganalisis masalah-masalah yang dihadapi oleh negara-negara sedang berkembang dan mendapatkan cara-cara untuk mengatasi masalah-masalah tersebut supaya negara-negara berkembang dapat membangun ekonominya dengan lebih cepat lagi.

PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI

Kegiatan-kegiatan yang dilakukan untuk mengembangkan kegiatan ekonomi dan taraf hidup masyarakatnya, atau

Suatu proses yang menyebabkan pendapatan perkapita penduduk meningkat dalam jangka panjang

PERHATIAN TERHADAP PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI

Sebelum PD II para ilmuwan kurang memperhatikan pembangunan ekonomi, karena faktor-faktor sbb :

1.   Masih banyak negara sebagai negara jajahan

2.   Kurang adanya usaha dari tokoh masyarakat untuk membahas pembangunan ekonomi. Lebih mementingkan usaha meraih kemerdekaan dari penjajah.

3.   Para pakar ekonomi lebih banyak menganalisis kegagalan ekonomi dan tingginya tingkat pengangguran (depresi berat)

 

Pasca PD II, banyak negara memperoleh kemerdekaan (al : India, Pakistan, Phillipina, Korea & Indonesia), perhatian terhadap pembangunan ekonomi mulai berkembang disebabkan oleh :

1.   Negara jajahan yang memperoleh kemerdekaan

2.   Berkembangnya cita-cita negara yang baru merdeka untuk mengejar ketertinggalannya di bidang ekonomi.

3.   Adanya keinginan dari negara maju untuk membantu negara berkembang dalam mempercepat pembangunan ekonomi.

PENGGOLONGAN NEGARA

 

1.   Berdasarkan pada tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakat :

      a.   Negara Dunia I (Negara Maju)

                Eropa Barat (Inggris, Perancis, Belanda, Portugis, Jerman Barat)

   Amerika Utara (USA, Kanada)

   Australia, New Zeland dan Jepang

      b.   Negara Dunia II (Negara Maju)

      Eropa Timur (Rusia, Polandia, Jerman Timur, Cekoslowakia)

      c.   Negara Dunia III (Negara Sedang Berkembang/Negara Selatan)

            Sebagian besar Asia (kecuali Jepang), Afrika, Amerika Latin (Amerika Tengah dan Selatan).

 

2.   Berdasarkan pada tingkat pendapatan perkapita

      a.   Negara Maju Õ > US$ 2.000

      b.   Negara Semi Maju Õ > US$ 400

      c.   Negara Miskin Õ ≤ US$ 400

 

Analisis Ekonomi Pembangunan = Permasalahan Negara Sedang Berkembang.

 

Tujuan analisis ekonomi pembangunan :

1.   Menelaah faktor-faktor yang menimbulkan ketiadaan pembangunan.

2.   Menelaah faktor-faktor yang menimbulkan keterlambatan pembangunan.

3.   Mengemukakan cara-cara pendekatan yang dapat ditempuh untuk mengatasi masalah-masalah yang dihadapi sehingga mempercepat jalannya pembangunan.

 

Bidang-bidang penting yang dianalisis dalam Ekonomi Pembangunan :

1.   Masalah pembentukan modal (investasi)

2.   Masalah perdagangan luar negeri (ekspor & impor)

3.   Masalah pengerahan tabungan.

4.   Masalah bantuan luar negeri

5.   Masalah dalam sektor pertanian atau industri

6.   Masalah pendidikan dan peranannya dalam menciptakan pembangunan.

 

PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI & PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI

 

 

PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI

-       PENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN PERKAPITA MASYARAKAT

PERTAMBAHAN GDP > TINGKAT PERTAMBAHAN PENDUDUK

-     PENINGKATAN GDP DIBARENGI DENGAN PEROMBAKAN STRUKTUR EKONOMI TRADISIONAL KE MODERNISASI

PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI UNTUK MENYATAKAN PERKEMBANGAN EKONOMI NYSB.

 

PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI

-       KENAIKAN GDP TANPA MEMANDANG TINGKAT PERTAMBAHAN PENDUDUK DAN PERUBAHAN STRUKTUR ORGANISASI EKONOMI.

-         PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI MENYATAKAN PERKEMBANGAN EKONOMI NEGARA MAJU.

 

SEBAB-SEBAB PERCEPATAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI :

1.    KEINGINAN NEGARA UNTUK MENGEJAR KETINGGALAN

2.    PERTUMBUHAN PENDUDUK

3.    ADANYA KEHARUSAN NEGARA MAJU UNTUK MEMBANTU NYSB

4.    ADANYA PERIKEMANUSIAAN THD NYSB

 

METODE PENGHITUNGAN PENDAPATAN NASIONAL

1.    METODE PRODUKSI

2.    METODE PENDAPATAN

3.    METODE PENGELUARAN

 

11 SEKTOR PRODUKTIF PERHITUNGAN PENDAPATAN NASIONAL :

1.         PERTANIAN

2.         INDUSTRI PENGOLAHAN

3.         PERTAMBANGAN DAN GALIAN

4.         LISTRIK

5.         AIR DAN GAS

6.         BANGUNAN

7.         PENGANGKUTAN DAN KOMUNIKASI

8.         PERDAGANGAN

9.         BANK DAN LEMBAGA KEUANGAN

10.             SEWA RUMAH

11.             PERTAHANAN

12.   JASA LAINNYA

 

 CARA PERHITUNGAN PENDAPATAN NASIONAL

1.    PENDAPATAN NASIONAL HARGA BERLAKU (NOMINAL)

      2.    PENDAPATAN NASIONAL HARGA TETAP (RIIL)

Sumber :  http://budirismayadi.tripod.com/ekbang.htm